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| GMAT阅读文章《服务业的定义》深度分析 | |
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都雨天 等级 瓶子 楼主 发表于 2012/7/9 11:45:45 编 辑 |
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阅读建议： 1） 北京新东方建议读者先按自己的节奏阅读文章并做完题目，再看文章分析及题目讲解。 文章及题目： In 1988 services moved ahead of manufacturing as the main product of the United States economy. But what is meant by “services”？ Some economists define a service as something that is produced and consumed simultaneously， for example， a haircut. The broader， classical definition is that a service is an intangible something that cannot be touched or stored. Yet electric utilities can store energy， and computer programmers save information electronically. Thus， the classical definition is hard to sustain. The United States government's definition is more practical： services are the residual category that includes everything that is not agriculture or industry. Under this definition， services includes activities as diverse as engineering and driving a bus. However， besides lacking a strong conceptual framework， this definition fails to recognize the distinction between service industries and service occupations. It categorizes workers based on their company's final product rather than on the actual work the employees perform. Thus， the many service workers employed by manufacturers - bookkeepers or janitors， for example-would fall under the industrial rather than the services category. Such ambiguities reveal the arbitrariness of this definition and suggest that， although practical for government purposes， it does not accurately reflect the composition of the Current United States' economy. 1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with (A) Discussing research data underlying several definitions (B) Arguing for the adoption of a particular definition (C) Exploring definitions of a concept (D) Comparing the advantages of several definitions (E) Clarifying some ambiguous definitions 2. In comparing the United States government's definition of services with the classical definition， the author suggests that the classical definition is (A) More pragmatic (B) More difficult to apply (C) Less ambiguous (D) More widely used (E) More arbitrary 3. The passage suggests which of the following about service workers in the United States？ (A) The number of service workers may be underestimated by the definition of services used by the government. (B) There were fewer service workers than agricultural workers before 1988. (C) The number of service workers was almost equal to the number of workers employed in manufacturing until 1988. (D) Most service workers are employed in service occupations rather than in service industries. (E) Most service workers are employed in occupations where they provide services that do not fall under the classical definition of services. 4. The author of the passage mentions which of the following as one disadvantage of the United States government's definition of services？ (A) It is less useful than the other definitions mentioned in the passage. (B) It is narrower in scope than the other definitions mentioned in the passage. (C) It is based on the final product produced rather than on the type of work performed. (D) It does not recognize the diversity of occupations within the service industries. (E) It misclassifies many workers who are employed in service industries. 5. The author refers to “service workers employed by manufacturers” (line 23) primarily in order to point out (A) A type of worker not covered by the United States government's system of classifying occupations (B) A flaw in the United States government's definition of services (C) A factor that has influenced the growth of the service economy in the United States (D) A type of worker who is classified on the basis of work performed rather than on the basis of the company's final product (E) The diversity of the workers who are referred to as service workers 1. 文章初读：（只读各段首句） 第一段首句： In 1988 services moved ahead of manufacturing as the main product of the United States economy.| 翻译：1988年服务业超过制造业成为美国经济的主要产物。 评：给出了文章的大背景，即1988年美国的服务业超过制造业成为美国经济的主要产物，说明了服务业的地位，为引出下文做铺垫。 第二段首句： The United States government's definition is more practical： services are the residual category that includes everything that is not agriculture or industry. 翻译：美国政府的定义更加实用：服务业包括除农业和工业外的所有范畴。 评：这是个带有冒号的句子，我们从课上已经知道冒号前后两部分的重要性不一样：短的部分更重要。在本句中即冒号前的部分，特别要注意“more practical”，我们可以合理推测，US政府的定义一定是和前文提到的其它某个定义相比更加实际。果然第一段最后一句写的是关于service的classical definition比较难以使用（“hard to sustain”）。总结一下，这是一种“Smart Reading”的方法，通过文中的逻辑关系词（转折、因果、举例、对比），来推测文章的逻辑脉络以及文意走向，从而达到“快速把握文章脉络、读懂文章大意”的终极目标。 2. 文章精读（精读各句，把握逻辑关系） 第一段：（标记重要逻辑关系词及态度评价词） In 1988 services moved ahead of manufacturing as the main product of the United States economy. But what is meant by “services”？ Some economists define a service as something that is produced and consumed simultaneously， for example， a haircut. The broader， classical definition is that a service is an intangible something that cannot be touched or stored. Yet electric utilities can store energy， and computer programmers save information electronically. Thus， the classical definition is hard to sustain. 翻译： 服务业在1988年超过制造业成为美国经济的主要产物。但是“服务业”意味着什么？一些经济学家将一项服务定义为同时被生产和消费的东西，比如说剪发。更广义的经典的定义是服务是指无形的触碰不到也储存不了的东西。然而电力设备可以存储能量，计算机程序电子保存信息。因此，经典定义难以维持（难以使用）。 第二段：（标记重要逻辑关系词及态度评价词） The United States government's definition is more practical： services are the residual category that includes everything that is not agriculture or industry. Under this definition， services includes activities as diverse as engineering and driving a bus. However， besides lacking a strong conceptual framework， this definition fails to recognize the distinction between service industries and service occupations. It categorizes workers based on their company's final product rather than on the actual work the employees perform. Thus， the many service workers employed by manufacturers - bookkeepers or janitors， for example-would fall under the industrial rather than the services category. Such ambiguities reveal the arbitrariness of this definition and suggest that， although practical for government purposes， it does not accurately reflect the composition of the Current United States' economy. 翻译： 美国政府的定义更加实用：服务业包括除农业和工业外的所有范畴。在这个定义下，服务性工作包括的活动宽泛到诸如设计制造和当巴士司机。然而，除了缺乏一个牢固的概念框架，这个定义还没有意识到服务行业和服务职业的区别。它根据工人所在公司的最终产品而非工人实际所做的工作来对工人进行分类。因此许多被制造商雇佣的服务工人（如图书管理员或者门卫）将被归于工业而非服务业范畴。这种模棱两可的情况反映出这个定义的武断，并且意味着，尽管从政府的目的来看这个定义很实用，但它并没有精确反应当今美国经济的真实组成。 读完文章后，可做如下笔记，整理各句大意及句间关系： Def of service Some econ.： make & sell at the same time、 Broader classic def： cannot be touched or stored Yet， flawed US gov.： more practical However， fails prod. > work so， serv.→indus. amb=arb=inaccurate reflect 3. 做题： 1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with (A) Discussing research data underlying several definitions (B) Arguing for the adoption of a particular definition (C) Exploring definitions of a concept (D) Comparing the advantages of several definitions (E) Clarifying some ambiguous definitions 评： 1) 主旨题：正确答案为(C)。寻找文章主旨需要关注文章套路。本文第一段首提出关于services含义的问题，接着给出三种定义，并且对于这三种定义的态度都是负态度。所以，这是描述型文章，文章主旨为负态度或无态度。 2) 错项分析： (A)： 无中生有：文章没有呈现研究数据。 (B)： “argue for”是正态度词汇，不符合文章主旨态度，排除。 (D)： 主旨题中，首词为compare、demonstrate、make a case的选项首先排除，因为，对比和举例只是手段，而非目的。 (E)： “clarify”是正态度词汇，不符合文章主旨态度，排除。 2. In comparing the United States government's definition of services with the classical definition， the author suggests that the classical definition is (A) More pragmatic (B) More difficult to apply (C) Less ambiguous (D) More widely used (E) More arbitrary |
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